Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Angelo Gandolfi / Ancient Sweet Chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) growing in the Spelunca Gorges. Porto, Parc Naturel Regional de Corse, Corsica island, France, January 2010

Angelo Gandolfi / Las Medulas, Cordillera Cantabrica, Castilla y Leon, Spain. The landscape, now a natural reserve, is man-made: the rock formations are the result of iron mining since Roman times and the wood is culti...

Geoff Simpson / Horse chestnut tree sticky bud opening {Aesculus hippocastanum} England

Juan Manuel Borrero / Sweet Chestnut tree trunk (Castanea sativa) Rocacorba, Girona Province, Spain, May

Juan Manuel Borrero / Ancient sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) Rocacorba, Girona Province, Spain, May

Juan Manuel Borrero / Ancient sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) Rocacorba, Girona Province, Spain, May

Gary K. Smith / Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea savita) fruit in spiny cases and leaves on woodland floor, Norfolk UK, November

Philippe Clement / Spiny cupules and chestnuts of the sweet chestnut tree / marron (Castanea sativa) amongst autumn leaves on the forest floor, Belgium, October

Alex Hyde / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum} leaves emerging from bud. Peak DIstrict National Park, Derbyshire, UK.

Alex Hyde / Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum} leaves emerging from bud. Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK.

Sandra Bartocha / Horse Chest-nut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Muritz National Park Germany, May

Hanne & Jens Eriksen / Yellow throated / Chestnut shouldered sparrow (Gymnoris xanthocollis) male perched on branch, UAE, April.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) close up of buds in winter, Dorset, UK January.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) close up of buds in winter, Dorset, UK January.

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Road through Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) habitat shows connected canopy allowing dormice to move around without coming down to the ground, Kent, UK, October 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Road through Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) habitat shows connected canopy allowing dormice to move around without coming down to the ground, Kent, UK, October 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Road through Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) habitat shows connected canopy allowing dormice to move around without coming down to the ground, Kent, UK, October 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Niall Benvie / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaves in autumn woodland, Morvan regional park, Burgundy, France

Rolf Nussbaumer / Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia) and Prairie Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis), blooming on forest floor, Palmetto State Park, Gonzales County, Texas, USA, March.

Rolf Nussbaumer / Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia) flowers blooming. Palmetto State Park, Gonzales County, Texas, USA, March.

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) winter sticky bud covered in fluff of Japanese silver grass, Japan

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) woodland, fixed point observation of seasonal changes, Shiga, Japan, March, sequence 1/3

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) woodland, fixed point observation of seasonal changes, Shiga, Japan, November, sequence 3/3

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) woodland, fixed point observation of seasonal changes, Shiga, Japan, April, sequence 2/3

Nick Upton / Close-up of Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) fruits ripening on branches of tree. Lesbos / Lesvos, Greece, August

Nick Upton / Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) with fruits ripening on branches. Lesbos / Lesvos, Greece, August

Florian Möllers / Horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) flowers, Grunewald, Berlin, Germany, April

Orsolya Haarberg / Owner standing outside traditional old wattle house, autumn, Izvoare, Harghita, Romania.

Nick Upton / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves damaged by caterpillars of the Horse chestnut leaf miner moth (Cameraria ohridella). Wiltshire garden, September 2010.

Angelo Gandolfi / Ancient Sweet Chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) growing in the Spelunca Gorges. Porto, Parc Naturel Regional de Corse, Corsica island, France, January 2010

Angelo Gandolfi / A totem-like head carved in an ancient Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) Corsica island, France, February 2010

Angelo Gandolfi / A totem-like head carved in an ancient Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa), Corsica island, France, February 2010

Philippe Clement / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) buds opening and leaves emerging, Belgium

Philippe Clement / Sweet Chestnut branch (Castanea sativa) with buds, Belgium

Paul Harcourt Davies / Looking up the trunk of an ancient Sweeet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in coppiced woodland, nr Viterbo, Lazio, Italy

Paul Harcourt Davies / Trunk of an ancient Sweeet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in coppiced woodland, nr Viterbo, Lazio, Italy

Paul Harcourt Davies / Ancient Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in coppiced woodland, Canapine, nr Viterbo, Lazio, Italy

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut conkers / seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum) Belgium

Piper Mackay / Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis) perching in a tree, Pantanal, Brazil.

Guy Edwardes / Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in an Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) field, Keysley Down, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, May 2006

Niall Benvie / Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) trees, Bellsquarry Wood, Livingstone, West Lothian, Scotland, May

Dave Bevan / Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) showing caterpillar in mine, UK

Gary K. Smith / Fallow deer {Dama dama} stag feeding on Sweet chestnut windfalls {Castanea sativa} Norfolk, UK, November

Philippe Clement / Sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa), Europe

Philippe Clement / Sweet / Spanish chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaf in autumn colours, Europe

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut nuts / conkers (Aesculus hippocastanum), Belgium

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut nuts /conkers (Aesculus hippocastanum), Belgium

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves in autumn colours, Belgium

Philippe Clement / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), Europe

Philippe Clement / Sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa), Europa

Philippe Clement / Sweet / Spanish chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaf in autumn colours, Europe

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut nuts /conkers (Aesculus hippocastanum), Belgium

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut nuts / conkers (Aesculus hippocastanum), Belgium

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) conkers and leaves in autumn colours, Belgium

Simon Colmer / Sweet chestnut tree in flower (Castanea sativa) Somerset, UK

Simon Colmer / Sweet chestnut tree in flower (Castanea sativa) Somerset, UK

Jane Burton / Domestic horse, chestnut British show pony colt foal (15-days) investigating the taste and texture of Oak bark, UK

Jose B. Ruiz / Horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) in winter, Alicante, Spain

Jose B. Ruiz / Horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) in winter, Alicante, Spain

Niall Benvie / Horse chestnut flowers and leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} UK

WILLIAM OSBORN / Sweet chestnut {Castanea sativa} seeds on forest floor, Wiltshire, UK, October, 1999

Konrad Wothe / Chestnut-mandibled Toucan (Ramphastos swainsonii) in trees, Costa Rica

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Bleeding canker disease on Horse chestnut tree(Aesculus hippocastanum). Regent's Park, London, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Bleeding canker disease on Horse chestnut tree(Aesculus hippocastanum) Regent's Park, London, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Bleeding canker disease on Horse chestnut tree(Aesculus hippocastanum). Regent's Park, London, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Bleeding canker disease on Horse chestnut tree(Aesculus hippocastanum). Regent's Park, London, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Bleeding canker disease on Horse chestnut tree(Aesculus hippocastanum). Regent's Park, London, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Bleeding canker disease on Horse chestnut tree(Aesculus hippocastanum) Regent's Park, London, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) tree flowering, Regent's Park, London, UK.

Jose B. Ruiz / Sweet chestnut tree branches with fruit (Castanea sativa) Asturias, Spain

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Horse chestnut conker {Aesculus hippocastanum} UK

Jose B. Ruiz / Sweet chestnut tree {Castanea sativa} with autumnal leaves, San Martin de Trevejo, Las Hurdes, caceres, Extremadura, Spain

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaf {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Adrian Davies / Horse Chestnut leaves {Aesculus hippocastanum} infected with Leaf Miner Moth (Cameraria ohridella) Surrey, UK, 2006

Jean E. Roche / Dead Sweet chestnut trees (Castanea sativa), Poitou, France

Jean E. Roche / Dead Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) near old building in mountain landscape, Corsica, France

Simon Colmer / Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) bud about to burst, New Forest, Hampshire, England, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Horse chestnut tree {Aesculus hippocastanum} in flower, UK.

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Horse chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum} flowering in Regent's Park, UK.

WILLIAM OSBORN / Horse chestnut conkers ready to fall from tree {Aesculus hippocastanum} Gloucestershire, UK

Chris O'Reilly / Mature fruits of Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), Nottinghamshire, UK

Nick Turner / Ancient Sweet Chestnut tree {Castanea sativa} Tortworth, Gloucestershire, England, UK, - believed to be up to 1200 years old.