Niall Benvie / Queen Mary's Tree, a veteran Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) over 600 years old, Cumbernauld, Scotland, UK, July.

Juan Carlos Munoz / Ferns growing near fallen tree in Chestnut forest, Onati, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain, Europe

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Angelo Gandolfi / Ancient Sweet Chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) growing in the Spelunca Gorges. Porto, Parc Naturel Regional de Corse, Corsica island, France, January 2010

Angelo Gandolfi / Las Medulas, Cordillera Cantabrica, Castilla y Leon, Spain. The landscape, now a natural reserve, is man-made: the rock formations are the result of iron mining since Roman times and the wood is culti...

Geoff Simpson / Horse chestnut tree sticky bud opening {Aesculus hippocastanum} England

Ernie Janes / Horse chestnut (Castanea sativa) new leaves.

Ernie Janes / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaves in autumn, Norfolk, England, UK, November.

Ernie Janes / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) trunk and bark patterns of ancient tree, Norfolk, England, UK, November.

David Tipling / Western jackdaw (Corvus monedula) flying with Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in beak. Richmond Park, London, England, UK. October.

David Tipling / Grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) collecting sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa) to cache for winter. Richmond Park, London, England, UK. October.

David Tipling / Grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) collecting sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa) to cache for winter, Richmond Park, London, England, UK. October.

David Tipling / Grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) collecting sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa) to cache for winter, Richmond Park, London, England, UK. October.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) seeds and seed case on ground, Dorset, England, UK.

Matthew Maran / Veteran sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) approaching 200 years of age. Devon, England, UK, November.

Matthew Maran / Veteran sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) approaching 200 years of age. Devon, England, UK, November.

Ernie Janes / Horse chestnut (Castanea sativa) tree conkers / seeds, Norfolk, England, UK, September.

Ernie Janes / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaves and fruits in autumn, Norfolk, England, UK, August.

Gary K. Smith / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) close up of tree trunk and bark. England, UK. September

Angelo Gandolfi / Giant ancient Chestnut tree (Castanea Sativa) with woman, Sila Greca, Sila National Park, Parco Nazionale della Sila UNESCO World Heritage Site, Calabria, Italy, June.

Angelo Gandolfi / Ancient Chestnut tree (Castanea Sativa). Sila Greca, Sila National Park, Calabria, Italy, June.

Angelo Gandolfi / Woman standing in hollow of ancient Chestnut tree (Castanea Sativa). Sila Greca, Sila National Park, Parco Nazionale della Sila UNESCO World Heritage Site, Calabria, Italy, June.

Angelo Gandolfi / Chestnut tree (Castanea Sativa) at night, Sila Greca, Sila National Park, Calabria, Italy, June.

Angelo Gandolfi / Giant Chestnut tree (Castanea Sativa). June, Sila Greca, Sila National Park, Calabria, Italy

Angelo Gandolfi / Giant Chestnut tree (Castanea Sativa) Sila Greca, Sila National Park, Calabria, Italy. June,

Angelo Gandolfi / Chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) in flower with poppies, Sila Greca. Sila National Park, Calabria, Italy. June.

Kim Taylor / New trees growing from wind-blown Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) Surrey, England, November.

Kim Taylor / New trees growing from wind-blown Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) Surrey, England, November.

Ingo Arndt / Close up of Horse chestnut leaf {Aesculus hippocastanum} showing veins

Fabrice Cahez / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) Vosges, France, October.

Cyril Ruoso / Chesnuts (Castanea vesca) fallen from tree on forest floor, Alberes Mountains, Pyrenees, France, September.

Mike Read / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) individual leaf on lightbox Ringwood Hampshire UK October

Niall Benvie / Queen Mary's Tree, a veteran Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) over 600 years old, Cumbernauld, Scotland, UK, July.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) capsule and nut. Dorset, UK September.

Juan Carlos Munoz / Moss covered fallen tree and ferns growing in Chestnut forest, Onati, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain, May.

Juan Carlos Munoz / Woman standing near large Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) tree, Chestnut forest, Onati, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain, May.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa) on forest floor. New Forest, Hamphire, UK, September.

Nick Upton / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaf buds opening, Wiltshire, UK, April.

Nick Upton / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) flowers, Wiltshire, UK, May.

Carol Walker / Chestnut Mustang running in snow, at ranch, Shell, Wyoming, USA. February.

Alex Hyde / Chestnuts on Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa), Nottinghamshire, UK. October.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) nuts held in hands, Dorset, UK October,

Alex Hyde / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves emerging from buds. Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK, May.

Alex Hyde / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves emerging from buds. Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK, May.

Nick Upton / Horse Chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) with major branch broken off during a storm, Wiltshire, UK, May.

Juan Carlos Munoz / The Hundred Horse Chestnut, an ancient Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) believed to be up to 4000 years old, which also has the largest trunk in the world, Sant'Aflio, Sicily, Italy

Paul Harcourt Davies / Ancient chestnut tree trunk (Castanea sativa) on Mount Cimino, near Viterbo, Italy, April

Paul Harcourt Davies / Ancient chestnut tree trunk (Castanea sativa) covered in lichen, on Mount Cimino, near Viterbo, Italy, April

Juan Manuel Borrero / Sweet Chestnut tree trunk (Castanea sativa) Rocacorba, Girona Province, Spain, May

Juan Manuel Borrero / Ancient sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) Rocacorba, Girona Province, Spain, May

Juan Manuel Borrero / Ancient sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) Rocacorba, Girona Province, Spain, May

Gary K. Smith / Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea savita) fruit in spiny cases and leaves on woodland floor, Norfolk UK, November

Philippe Clement / Spiny cupules and chestnuts of the sweet chestnut tree / marron (Castanea sativa) amongst autumn leaves on the forest floor, Belgium, October

Alex Hyde / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum} leaves emerging from bud. Peak DIstrict National Park, Derbyshire, UK.

Alex Hyde / Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum} leaves emerging from bud. Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK.

Sandra Bartocha / Horse Chest-nut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Muritz National Park Germany, May

Hanne & Jens Eriksen / Yellow throated / Chestnut shouldered sparrow (Gymnoris xanthocollis) male perched on branch, UAE, April.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) close up of buds in winter, Dorset, UK January.

Colin Varndell / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) close up of buds in winter, Dorset, UK January.

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Road through Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) habitat shows connected canopy allowing dormice to move around without coming down to the ground, Kent, UK, October 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Road through Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) habitat shows connected canopy allowing dormice to move around without coming down to the ground, Kent, UK, October 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Road through Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) habitat shows connected canopy allowing dormice to move around without coming down to the ground, Kent, UK, October 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Terry Whittaker / 2020VISION / Hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), Chestnut coppice and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). Careful chestnut and hazel coppicing benefits dormice. Kent, UK, April 2011

Niall Benvie / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaves in autumn woodland, Morvan regional park, Burgundy, France

Rolf Nussbaumer / Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia) and Prairie Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis), blooming on forest floor, Palmetto State Park, Gonzales County, Texas, USA, March.

Rolf Nussbaumer / Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia) flowers blooming. Palmetto State Park, Gonzales County, Texas, USA, March.

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) winter sticky bud covered in fluff of Japanese silver grass, Japan

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) woodland, fixed point observation of seasonal changes, Shiga, Japan, March, sequence 1/3

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) woodland, fixed point observation of seasonal changes, Shiga, Japan, November, sequence 3/3

Nature Production / Japanese Horsechestnut (Aesculus turbinata) woodland, fixed point observation of seasonal changes, Shiga, Japan, April, sequence 2/3

Nick Upton / Close-up of Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) fruits ripening on branches of tree. Lesbos / Lesvos, Greece, August

Nick Upton / Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) with fruits ripening on branches. Lesbos / Lesvos, Greece, August

Florian Möllers / Horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) flowers, Grunewald, Berlin, Germany, April

Orsolya Haarberg / Owner standing outside traditional old wattle house, autumn, Izvoare, Harghita, Romania.

Nick Upton / Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves damaged by caterpillars of the Horse chestnut leaf miner moth (Cameraria ohridella). Wiltshire garden, September 2010.

Angelo Gandolfi / Ancient Sweet Chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) growing in the Spelunca Gorges. Porto, Parc Naturel Regional de Corse, Corsica island, France, January 2010

Angelo Gandolfi / A totem-like head carved in an ancient Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) Corsica island, France, February 2010

Angelo Gandolfi / A totem-like head carved in an ancient Sweet Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa), Corsica island, France, February 2010

Philippe Clement / Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) buds opening and leaves emerging, Belgium

Philippe Clement / Sweet Chestnut branch (Castanea sativa) with buds, Belgium

Paul Harcourt Davies / Looking up the trunk of an ancient Sweeet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in coppiced woodland, nr Viterbo, Lazio, Italy

Paul Harcourt Davies / Trunk of an ancient Sweeet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in coppiced woodland, nr Viterbo, Lazio, Italy

Paul Harcourt Davies / Ancient Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in coppiced woodland, Canapine, nr Viterbo, Lazio, Italy

Philippe Clement / Horse chestnut conkers / seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum) Belgium

Piper Mackay / Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis) perching in a tree, Pantanal, Brazil.

Guy Edwardes / Sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa) in an Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) field, Keysley Down, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, May 2006

Niall Benvie / Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) trees, Bellsquarry Wood, Livingstone, West Lothian, Scotland, May

Dave Bevan / Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) showing caterpillar in mine, UK

Gary K. Smith / Fallow deer {Dama dama} stag feeding on Sweet chestnut windfalls {Castanea sativa} Norfolk, UK, November