Doug Allan / Emperor penguin males incubating eggs huddle for warmth at -40 degrees centigrade, winter, Antarctica. Green is excrement on snow. {Aptenodytes forsteri}

Doug Allan / Emperor penguin {Aptenodytes forsteri} males huddle for warmth in minus 40 degrees centigrade while incubating eggs in winter, Antarctica Winter extreme cold survival birds seabirds nesting-behaviour

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) two adults brooding chicks age 5 weeks, Antarctica. Highly commended in the Polar Passion Category of the Nature's Best Photography Awards 2019.

Nick Garbutt / King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), two sleeping on snow. Grytviken, South Georgia. March.

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colony huddled together under the Southern Lights, Aurora australis, Atka Bay, Antarctica. September.

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) egg hatching on father's feet. Atka Bay, Antarctica. August. Winner of the Portfolio category of the Wildlife Photographer of the Year Awards 2019.

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) chick looking upwards to parents beak. Atka Bay, Antarctica. August. Winner of the Portfolio category of the Wildlife Photographer of the Year Awards 2019.

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colony, males huddling whilst incubating eggs. Atka Bay, Antarctica. July. Winner of the Portfolio category of the Wildlife Photographer of the Year Awards 2019.

John Shaw / King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) walking in line on a windy beach. Sanders Island, Falklands. November.

Wim van den Heever / King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at sunrise. Two males and a female, with the males fighting for the attention of the female. Falklands Islands. 2018 Wildlife Photographer of the Year LUMIX Peo...

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colony with chicks, Atka Bay, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. October.

Stefan Christmann / Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) two adults with chicks, age 9-12 weeks, Atka Bay, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. October.