Ingo Arndt / Deaths head hawk moth pupa in soil {Acherontia atropos} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar close up of spines {Automeris banus} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Giant silkworm moth caterpillar close up of spines {Lonomonia cyniva} Carabobo, Venezuela

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar close up of spines {Syssphinx mexicana} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Slug caterpillar moth larva {Acharia nesea} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Slug caterpillar moth larvae mimicry {Limacodidae} Comoe NP, Ivory Coast

Ingo Arndt / Slug caterpillar moth larva mimics bug {Limacodidae} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Death's head hawkmoth caterpillar in defence posture {Acherontia atropos} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Looper moth caterpillar mimics twig {Geometridae} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Slug moth caterpillar mimics seed pod {Perola sp} Guanacaste, Costa Rica, Central America

Ingo Arndt / Cryptic Lobster moth caterpillar mimics ant {Stauropus fagi} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Moon moth caterpillar with defence spines {Automeris chaconia} Peru

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar with warning colouration {Syssphinx mexicana} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Cecropia moth caterpillar with warning coloration {Hyalophora cecropia} North America

Ingo Arndt / Silkmoth caterpillar with eye spots to mimic snake {Oxytenis beprea} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Silkmoth caterpillar with eye spots to mimic snake {Oxytenis modestia} Guanacaste, Costa Rica, Central America

Ingo Arndt / Oleander hawkmoth caterpillar showing eye spots for defense {Daphnis nerii}

Lorraine Bennery / Geometrid moth caterpillar (Geometridae sp.) moving along a twig in classic pose, Corbieres, France, May.

Niall Benvie,Niall Benvie / Oak Eggar Moth (Lasiocampa quercus) against white background. France, July.

Alex Hyde / Aposematism describes the use of bright colouration and bold patterns to advertise that an organism is unpalatable or dangerous. All three insects are foul-tasting or toxic if eaten: Wood Tiger moth...

Alex Hyde / Magpie Moth caterpillar (Abraxas grossulariata) showing warning colouration, photographed on a white background. Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK. June.

Alex Hyde / Indian moon / Indian luna Moth (Actias selene) close up of defensive spines on caterpillar. Captive.

Simon Colmer / Caterpillar larva of Muslin Moth (Diaphora mendica) on Couch grass, Sussex, UK, July

Alex Hyde / Privet Hawkmoth (Sphinx ligustri) resting on a privet bush (Ligustrum vulgare) a food plant of its caterpillar. Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK. July.

Andy Sands / Brindled Beauty (Lycia hirtaria) caterpillar larva feeding on willow leaves, Hertfordshire, England, UK

Wild Wonders of Europe / Benvie / Small emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia) caterpillar, Digne les Bains, France, May 2009 WWE OUTDOOR EXHIBITION.

Wild Wonders of Europe / Benvie / Spurge hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae) caterpillar on plant stem, Fliess, Naturpark Kaunergrat, Tirol, Austria, July 2008 WWE OUTDOOR EXHIBITION.

Robert Thompson / Close up of head of Caterpillar larva of Eggar moth {Trabala vishnou} Phou Fa, Pongsali, north Laos.

Wild Wonders of Europe / Benvie / Small emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia) caterpillar, Digne les Bains, France, May 2009, Digital composite WWE BOOK

Wild Wonders of Europe / Zupanc / Geometrid moth (Geometridae sp) caterpillar moving along twig, Triglav National Park, Slovenia, June 2009

Wild Wonders of Europe / Benvie / Small emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia) caterpillar, Digne les Bains, France, May 2009

Wild Wonders of Europe / Benvie / Small emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia) caterpillar, Digne les Bains, France, May 2009. WWE OUTDOOR EXHIBITION.

Wild Wonders of Europe / Benvie / Spurge hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae) caterpillar, Fliess, Naturpark Kaunergrat, Tirol, Austria, July 2008 WWE OUTDOOR EXHIBITION

Niall Benvie / Procession of caterpillar larvae of Pine processionary moth {Thaumetopoea sp} on their way to bury themselves in the ground and pupate, Alconocales Natural Park, Spain

Duncan Mcewan / Miller moth larva on birch leaf, UK

Kim Taylor / Close up of Puss moth caterpillar {Cerura vinula} feeding on Goat willow, UK.

Hans Christoph Kappel / Kentish Glory moth caterpillar (Life cycle sequence 3)

Duncan Mcewan / Brussels Lace Moth caterpillar on lichen covered oak twig. Scotland, UK

Ingo Arndt / Atlas moth caterpillar with wax coating for protection from parasites {Attacus atlas} Malaysia

Hans Christoph Kappel / Spanish Moon moth caterpillar.

Pete Oxford / Monkey-slug caterpillar {Phobetron sp} mimics tarantula spider. Rainforest, Madre de Dios, Peru

Magnus Lundgren / Wild Wonders of China / Caterpillar (Automeris sp) Tai Mo Shan Country Park, Hong Kong, China.

Magnus Lundgren / Wild Wonders of China / Caterpillar (Automeris sp) on a leaf, Tai Mo Shan Country Park, Hong Kong, China.

Robert Thompson / Tau emperor moth (Aglia tau) early instar caterpillar camouflaged against leaf. Falmenta, Cannobina Valley near Maggiore, Piedmont, Italy. May.

Doug Wechsler / Io moth caterpillar (Automeris io) with shed exuvium, Pennsylvania, USA, September.

Robert Thompson / Moon moth (Actias luna) caterpillar, MIchigan, USA. September.

Robert Thompson / Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules) caterpillar in 3rd instar, Kuranda, North Queensland, Australia. September.

Ingo Arndt / Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) caterpillar larvae on oak tree, Germany.

Ingo Arndt / Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) caterpillar larvae on oak tree, Germany.

Ingo Arndt / Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) caterpillar larvae on oak tree, Germany.

Ingo Arndt / Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) caterpillar larvae on oak tree, Germany.

Ingo Arndt / Hairy caterpillar larva of Garden tiger moth (Arctia caja) moving around plant stem, Germany

Ingo Arndt / Hairy caterpillar larva of Garden tiger moth (Arctia caja) Germany

Ingo Arndt / Hairy caterpillar larva of Garden tiger moth (Arctia caja) Germany

Ingo Arndt / Hairy caterpillar larva of Garden tiger moth (Arctia caja) Germany

Ingo Arndt / Pupa in opened cocoon of Brown China-mark moth (Elophila nymphaeata) showing old caterpillar shell, Germany

Ingo Arndt / Leaf damage caused by Leaf miner caterpillar of Pigmy moth (Nepticulidae family), Austria

Ingo Arndt / Bagworm moth (Psyche casta) caterpillar larva in cocoon coverd with plant material, Germany

Ingo Arndt / Bagworm moth (Psyche casta) caterpillar larva emerging from its case covered with plant material, Germany

Ingo Arndt / Leaf damage caused by Leaf miner caterpillar of Pigmy moth (Nepticulidae family), Austria

Ingo Arndt / Close up of underside and legs of Deaths head hawk moth caterpillar {Acherontia atropos}

Ingo Arndt / Deaths head hawk moth caterpillar burrows into soil to pupate {Acherontia atropos} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Deaths head hawk moth caterpillar {Acherontia atropos} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar {Hylesia continua} covered with cocoons of parasite. Costa Rica, Central America

Ingo Arndt / Sack bearer moth caterpillar overwinters in 'cocoon' attached to leaf {Mimallonidae} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Moon moth caterpillar, close up of feet {Rothschildia aurota} Peru

Ingo Arndt / Cup moth larva {Parasa sandrae} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Slug caterpillar moth larva {Acharia nesea} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Slug caterpillar moth larva {Acharia nesea} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Slug caterpillar moth larva mimics bug {Limacodidae} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Death's head hawkmoth caterpillar in defence posture {Acherontia atropos} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Death's head hawkmoth caterpillar feeding on leaf {Acherontia atropos} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Looper moth caterpillar mimics twig {Geometridae} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Looper moth caterpillar mimics twig {Geometridae} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar with protective spines {Arsenura batesii} Costa Rica, Central America

Ingo Arndt / Slug moth caterpillar mimics seed pod {Perola sp} Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Cryptic Lobster moth caterpillar mimics ant {Stauropus fagi} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Cryptic Lobster moth caterpillar mimics ant {Stauropus fagi} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Cryptic Lobster moth caterpillar mimics ant {Stauropus fagi} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Cryptic moth caterpillar {Notodonta ziczac} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Common vapourer moth caterpillar with protective spines / hairs {Orgyia antiqua} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Common vapourer moth caterpillar with protective spines / hairs {Orgyia antiqua} Germany

Ingo Arndt / Tiger moth caterpillar with protective hairs {Arctiidae} Comoe NP, Ivory Coast, W Africa

Ingo Arndt / Tiger moth caterpillar with protective hairs {Arctiidae} Comoe NP, Ivory Coast, West Africa

Ingo Arndt / Brush footed butterfly caterpillar with spines {Morpho amathonte} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Flannel moth caterpillar covered with protective fur / hairs {Megalopygidae} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Flannel moth caterpillar covered with protective 'fur' {Megalopygidae} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar with defence spines {Automeris amanda} Argentina, South America

Ingo Arndt / Moon moth caterpillar with defence spines {Automeris chaconia} Peru

Ingo Arndt / Giant silkworm moth caterpillar with defence spines {Lonomia cyniva} Carabobo, Venezuela

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar feeding on leaf {Automeris zozine} Costa Rica, Central America

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar with defence spines {Automeris zozine} Costa Rica

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar head close up with defence spines {Automeris incarnata} Venezuela

Ingo Arndt / Moon moth caterpillar with defence spines {Gamelia rindgei} Peru

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar with spines {Automeris boops} Peru

Ingo Arndt / Saturniid moth caterpillar with defense spines {Automeris banus} Guanacaste, Costa Rica