Roger Powell / Three male Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) preparing to display on the communal lekking ground, Varanger plateau, arctic Norway. June

Roger Powell / Great Bustard (Otis tarda) male in partial display as he walks through the communal lek, Castro Verde, Portugal, April

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Qaggiq (large communal igloo for feasts) built from ice near Igloolik. Nunavut, Canada, 1999.

Jabruson / Gula women drawing water from well; these people are Magreb Arab descendants originally from Sudan. Precious water is drawn from a communal well each day by women and children in the village of Bon ne...

Jabruson / Gula boy drawing water from well; these people are Magreb Arab descendants originally from Sudan. Precious water is drawn from a communal well each day by women and children in the village of Bon near...

Jabruson / Gula woman with freshly drawn water from well. These people are Magreb Arab descendants originally from Sudan. Precious water is drawn from a communal well each day by women and children in Kashkasha...

Jabruson / Gula women drawing water from well, they are Magreb Arab descendants originally from Sudan. Precious water is drawn from a communal well each day by women and girls in the village of Bon, Zakouma Nat...

David Shale / Thouarella sp. (Primnoidae), a commensal polychaete. Collected from coral sea mount near Dragon vent field on SW Indian Ridge, Indian Ocean.

David Shale / Thouarella sp. (Primnoidae). Collected from coral sea mount near Dragon vent field on SW Indian Ridge, Indian Ocean.

David Shale / Thouarella (Primnoidae) with commensal polychaete. Collected from coral sea mount near Dragon vent field on SW Indian Ridge, Indian Ocean.

Loic Poidevin / Mass of communal caterpillars, this behaviour tricks predators into thinking the caterpillars are a single, much larger, organism, Madagascar.

Nick Upton / Pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) communal silken nest on branch tip of Turkish pine tree (Pinus brutia), Samos, Greece, August.

Kevin Schafer / Male Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) defending nesting territory on communal nesting ground, Sulawesi, Indonesia, Endangered

Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott / Pine Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillars in communal tent hanging on bush, Northern Territory, Australia

Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott / Pine Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillars in communal tent hanging on bush, Northern Territory, Australia

Roger Powell / Two male Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) displaying to attract a Reeve (female) on the communal lekking ground, Varanger plateau, arctic Norway. June

Roger Powell / Four male Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) preparing to display on the communal lekking ground Varanger plateau, arctic Norway. June

Roger Powell / Lek of four Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) displaying to a Reeve (female) on the communal display ground, Varanger plateau, arctic Norway. June

Roger Powell / Three male Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) displaying on the communal lekking ground, Varanger plateau, arctic Norway. June

Roger Powell / Six male Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) displaying on the communal lekking ground, Varanger plateau, arctic Norway. June

Roger Powell / Great Bustard (Otis tarda) male in partial display as he walks through the communal lek, Castro Verde, Portugal, April

Roger Powell / Great Bustard (Otis tarda) male in partial display as he walks through the communal lek, Castro Verde, Portugal, April

Roger Powell / Great Bustard (Otis tarda) male in partial display as he walks through the communal lek, Castro Verde, Portugal, April

Roger Powell / Great Bustard (Otis tarda) males in partial display as they walk through communal lek site, Castro Verde, Portugal, April

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Qaggiq (large communal feasting igloo) built from blocks of ice near Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada, 1999.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Qaggiq (large communal feasting igloo) made from blocks of ice at Igloolik. Nunavut, Canada, 1999.

David Tipling / Communal larvae webs of White ermine moth (Spilosoma lubricipeda) on bushes in housing estate, Thetford, Norfolk, UK, May 2009

David Tipling / Communal larvae webs of White ermine moths (Spilosoma lubricipeda) on bushes in housing estate, Thetford, Norfolk, UK, May 2009

David Tipling / Communal larvae webs of White ermine moths (Spilosoma lubricipeda) on bushes in housing estate, Thetford, Norfolk, UK, May 2009

John Cancalosi / Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica / Lithobates sylvaticus) pair in amplexus on communal egg mass, NY, USA

Andy Rouse / Galapagos giant tortoise (Geocheline nigra / Geochelone elephantopus) adults in communal pond, Santa Cruz, Galapagos (non-ex)

Robert Valentic / Yakka skink {Egernia rugosa} large, vulnerable, communal living species, St George, Queensland, Australia

Robert Valentic / Yakka skink {Egernia rugosa} a large communal burrowing species, St George, Queensland, Australia

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Eastern tent moth (Malacosoma americanum) caterpillars on communal web. Tennessee, USA

GEORGETTE DOUWMA / Eastern tent moth (Malacosoma americanum) caterpillars on communal web. Tennessee, USA

Thomas Marent / Spindle Ermine (Yponomeuta cagnagella) caterpillars in communal web which covers European Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) tree, Switzerland

Thomas Marent / European Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) tree covered by communal web of Spindle Ermine (Yponomeuta cagnagella) caterpillars, Switzerland

Thomas Marent / European Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) tree covered by communal web of Spindle Ermine (Yponomeuta cagnagella) caterpillars, Switzerland

PREMAPHOTOS / Red or small postman butterfly (Heliconius erato) males at their communal roost at night in Amazonian rainforest, Brazil

Duncan Mcewan / Larvae of Small ermine moth {Yponomeuta padella} in communal larval tent, UK

Piotr Naskrecki / Social Spider (Anelosimus eximius) group in communal nest, Guyana

Tony Phelps / Speckled mousebirds {Colius striatus} communal sunbathing, DeHoop NR, Western Cape, South Africa

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyenas {Crocuta crocuta} 3-5 month old cubs at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} mother with suckling 3-month cubs at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} adult females fighting over meat at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya Note- Digitally removed small structure at the top of hill in background

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} adult females with cubs at communal den at sunset, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya Note - Digitally removed small structure at the top of hill in background

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} adult females with cubs at communal den at sunset, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya Note - Digitally removed small structure at the top of hill in background

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} adult females and cubs at communal den, watching Thomson's gazelles, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} adult females and juvenile fighting over meat at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} juvenile greeting 1-month cubs at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} watching Jackal scavenging hyena vomit at communal den, Masai Mara, Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} mother and 8-10 week cub resting next to communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Juvenile Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} greeting 6-week cub at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena {Crocuta crocuta} 12-14 week cub playing at communal den, Masai Mara Conservancy, Kenya

John Downer / Swarm of communal bees on building (Apoidea) Jodpur, Rajasthan, India

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) group at communal den, Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) mother and 8 to 10 week old cub chewing on skull that was brought back to communal den, Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) mother and 8 to10 week old cub chewing on skull that was brought back to communal den, Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) mother and 8 to 10 week old cub chewing on wildebeest skull that was brought back to communal den, Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) 12 to 14 week old cubs playing at communal den, Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Suzi Eszterhas / Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) mother sleeping at communal den, Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Piotr Naskrecki / Stalk-eyed Fly (Diopsidae) males engaged in communal courtship know as leking, rainforest, Guinea, West Africa

Piotr Naskrecki / Male Flies engaged in communal courtship display known as leking, rainforest, Costa Rica

John Downer / Swarm of communal Bees {Apoidea} nesting on building, Jodpur, Rajasthan, India

Richard Du Toit / Sociable weaver {Philetairus socius} communal nest on electricity pole, Gemsbok NP, South Africa, Kalahari.

Jean-Pierre Zwaenepoel / Eastern white pelicans {Pelecanus onocrotalus} communal fishing, Keoladeo Ghana NP, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.

Pete Oxford / Communal rock mining bee at entrance to hive, Cerrado, Piaui state, Brazil

PREMAPHOTOS / Male bees {Eucera sp} at communal roost in flower, Israel

PREMAPHOTOS / Communal eumenine/potter wasps wasps on mud nest in rainforest {Montezumia sp} Costa Rica

Pete Oxford / Mass of communal Lepidopteran caterpillars, Amazonia rainforest, Ecuador, South-America

Pete Oxford / Communal caterpillars travelling en masse for protection to make predators think they are larger. Amazonia, Peru

Patricio Robles Gil / Hanuman Langur (Semnopithecus entellus) family group communal grooming, Ranthambore National Park, India

Mark Jones / Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) three week old baby uses communal dung pile, Pampa Galeras National Reserve, Peruvian Andes, Peru

Mark Moffett / Jumping Spider (Phyaces sp) pair of communal spiders cooperatively kill fly, Kenya

Pete Oxford / Hani group, communal eating near Grand terraces. Yuanyang, Yunnan, China 2001. Hani wear dark embroidered clothing

Richard Du Toit / Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius) communal nest S. Africa, nr. Kalahari Gemsbok Nat. Park.

Premaphotos / Communal sphecid wasp (Trigonopsis sp) adding a pellet of mud to the outside of its communal nest on a tree in Amazonian rainforest, Brazil

Premaphotos / Communal sphecid wasp (Trigonopsis sp) with a stung cricket in it jaws which is about to be placed in the mud nest-cell, in Amazonian rainforest, Brazil

Premaphotos / Niandute spiders (Parawixia bistriata) clustered together during the day on the edge of their large, communal web, in campo cerrado, Brazil

Premaphotos / Niandute spiders (Parawixia bistriata) clustered together during the day on the edge of their large, communal web, in campo cerrado, Brazil

Thomas Marent / Spindle Ermine (Yponomeuta cagnagella) caterpillars in communal web which covers European Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) tree, Switzerland

Duncan Mcewan / Small ermine moth {Yponomeuta padella} caterpillar larva, cocoon and communal larval web, Scotland, UK

Pete Oxford / Hani group, communal eating near Grand terraces. Yuanyang, Yunnan, China dark embroidered