Dave Watts / Hoopoe (Upupa epops) female preening perched, June.

Konrad Wothe / Larvae of Birch sawfly (Craesus septentrionalis) in alarm position, Upper Bavaria, Germany. October.

Robert Thompson / Sawfly larvae (Nematus pavidus) defensive posture, Peatlands Park, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. September.

Nigel Cattlin / Pear slug sawfly (Caliroa cerasi) larva on cherry (Prunus sp) leaf with feeding damage. Berkshire, England, UK. October.

Nigel Cattlin / Apple (Malus domestica) fruits with damage scars caused by European apple sawfly (Holocampa testudinea) feeding early in fruit development. Berkshire, England, UK. August.

Nigel Cattlin / Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea) larva inside damaged Apple (Malus domestica) fruit, in cross section.

Kim Taylor / Braconid wasp (Braconidae) laying an egg on a Lesser willow sawfly (Nematus pavidus) larva. Controlled conditions.

Kim Taylor / Braconid wasp (Braconidae) trying to lay an egg on a Lesser willow sawfly (Nematus pavidus) larva, which pushes the wasp away with its body. Controlled conditions.

Kim Taylor / Braconid wasp (Braconidae) trying to lay an egg on a Lesser willow sawfly (Nematus pavidus) larva, which pushes the wasp away with its body. Controlled conditions.

Kim Taylor / Lesser willow sawfly (Nematus pavidus) larva trying to drive away a parasitic Braconid wasp (Braconidae). Controlled conditions.

Kim Taylor / Braconid wasp (Braconidae) trying to lay an egg on a Lesser willow sawfly (Nematus pavidus) larva, which pushes the wasp away with its body. Controlled conditions.

Kim Taylor / Lesser willow sawfly (Nematus pavidus) larva trying to drive away a parasitic Braconid wasp (Braconidae). Controlled conditions.

Robin Chittenden / Sawfly species (Tenthredo livida) Norfolk, England, UK, June.