Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi girls, with their family's ancestral clan mark painted in reindeer blood on their face, a ritual during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' during which young reindeer are sacrificed....

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi men resting their Huskies (Canis familiaris) during hunting trip. Chukotskiy Peninsula, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi hunters travelling with Huskies (Canis familiaris) near Cape Dezhnev. Chukotskiy Peninsula, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi hunter scanning sea ice for Polar bears from his vantage point on top of pressure ice. Chukotka, Siberia, Russia.

Steven Kazlowski / Aerial view of Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) on multi-layer ice (freshwater pans formed over many years where salt is squeezed out of the ice) with exit hole underneath ocean, Chukchi Sea, 20 miles off...

Steven Kazlowski / Inupiaq / Inuit man hold his hand under the midnight sun in the Chukchi Sea, off shore from the arctic village of Barrow, Alaska, USA. April 2009

Steven Kazlowski / Sunrise from out on the pack ice, outside the Inupiaq village of Point Hope, Chukchi Sea, Alaska, October 2008

Steven Kazlowski / Inupiaq subsistence hunter dragging Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) catch on the pack ice near Point Hope, Alaska, Chukchi Sea, March 2008

Steven Kazlowski / An Inupiaq whaling crew prepare to paddle their seal skin boat / umiak, in an open lead in the Chukchi Sea, during spring whaling season, off the Arctic coastal village of Point Hope, Alaska, May 2008

Steven Kazlowski / Young Inupiaq woman with Sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys nelma) caught through a hole in pack ice over the Chukchi Sea, for the village elders of Kotzebue, Alaska, March 2008

Steven Kazlowski / Rifles used by Inupiaq for hunting whales, seals and birds, hidden behind a snow blind on the pack ice, off the Arctic coastal village of Point Hope, Chukchi Sea, Alaska, May 2008

Steven Kazlowski / An Inupiaq whaling crew paddle their seal skin boat / umiak, in an open lead in the Chukchi Sea, during spring whaling season, off the Arctic coastal village of Point Hope, Alaska, May 2008

Steven Kazlowski / Inupiaq subsistence hunter looking for Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) on pack ice near Point Hope, Alaska, Chukchi Sea, March 2008

Steven Kazlowski / Inupiaq subsistence hunter resting after dragging Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) catch on the pack ice near Point Hope, Alaska, Chukchi Sea, March 2008

Steven Kazlowski / Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) swimming amidst multi-layer ice (freshwater pans formed over many years where the salt is squeezed out of the ice) offshore from Point Barrow. Chukchi Sea, Arctic Al...

Steven Kazlowski / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sow and cub walking on multi-layer ice (freshwater pans formed over the years where the salt is squeezed out of the ice) on the Chukchi Sea, off the National Petroleum Res...

Steven Kazlowski / walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, resting on pack ice during spring breakup, Chukchi Sea, off the National Petroleum Reserves, Alaska

Steven Kazlowski / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sow and cub walking on multi-layer ice (freshwater pans formed over the years where the salt is squeezed out of the ice) on the Chukchi Sea, off the National Petroleum Res...

Steven Kazlowski / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sow with cub walking on multi-layer ice (freshwater pans formed over the years where the salt is squeezed out of the ice) on the Chukchi Sea, off the National Petroleum Re...

Steven Kazlowski / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sow with cub swimming towards ice on the Chukchi Sea, off the National Petroleum Reserves, Alaska

Steven Kazlowski / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) pair walking amongst rough ice on the frozen eastern Chukchi Sea, Arctic Alaska

Staffan Widstrand / Chukchi girl playing beside her family's Yaranga tent, Chukotka, Russia

Ashley Cooper / Inuit people in hoodies with the name of the island 'Shishmaref'. Alaska, USA. September 2004

Ashley Cooper / Inuit hunter gatherers on Shishmaref, Alaska, USA. September 2004

Ashley Cooper / Woman standing on the beach where there house used to be on Shishmaref Island, after it collapsed into the sea, Alaska, USA. September 2004

Sylvain Cordier / Siberian brown lemming (Lemmus sibericus) Wrangel island, Far East Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Siberian Yupiks who have killed two walruses returning to their village by boat, Preobrazheniya Bay, Chukotka, Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) female with juvenile, age one year and a half, Wrangel Island, Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) female with young, age one year and a half, resting on the ice, Wrangel island, Far East Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Northern pika (Ochotona hyperborea ) carrying plants to build nest, Yttygran Island, Far East Russia

Sylvain Cordier / Siberian brown lemming (Lemmus sibericus ) Wrangel island, Far East Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) adult female with cub, one year and a half old, Wrangel island, Far East Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) adult female with young age one year and a half. Wrangel island, Far East Russia.

Sylvain Cordier / Pack ice at sunset, Wrangel island, Far East Russia.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / The skins and meat from sacrificed young reindeer adorns the inside of a Chukchi Yaranga (tent) during the 'Festival of the Young Reindeer'. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Young girl Nadia Takui eating specially prepared ritual food, including dried reindeer intestine and a sausage made from chopped reindeer meat and fat, during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reind...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / The men and children of the family place specially prepared food on the ground for the spirits during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' during which young reindeer are sacrificed. Iultinsk...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi girls sitting on an upturned whaling boat at sunset, Inchoun, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker, (knee length coverall) sitting at the edge of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer ca...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Reindeer are brought to the camp at first light during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' begins. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A circular pattern of small stones on the ground at a Chukchi reindeer herder's camp symolises the reindeer herd. The Chukchi believe that these carefully selected and positioned stones will help keep...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi family watching a movie on a notebook computer by candlelight inside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herder's camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi family watching a movie on a notebook computer inside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herder's camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi boy fishing for Grayling in the Matachingay River. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Vera Rakhtuvia, a Chukchi woman, relaxes by candlelight with her granddaughter, Susha, in the polog (sleeping area) inside the family's Yaranga (tent) at their summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotk...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing a traditional game of lassoing a set of reindeer antlers on the ground at a reindeer herders summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, girl age 9 years from a Chukchi reindeer herding family. Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, September 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / At the end of the Chukchi Festival of Young Reindeer', Rita Votgyrgina, collects small stones to place on burial mound (Melgynvyn) where the powdered bones of sacrificed reindeer are buried, close to...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a new Kerker (reindeer skin coverall) stands by a ritual fire at the entrance of a Yaranga (tent) at the start of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' a...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder, walking across the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Lidiya, a Chukchi woman, inside her Yaranga (tent) near Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / In the evening of the first day of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer', Tamara plays her family's sacred drum in their Yaranga (tent). The Chukchi believe that the sounds of the drum calms th...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Yaroslava Votgyrgina, Chukchi girl aged 5 years, watches the proceedings of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer,' at a herders' camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi reindeer herder, Vanya Votgyrgin, walks amongst the reindeer herd with his lasso during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer.' Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / After waking up in the morning, Yaroslava Votgyrgina, a Chukchi girl, sticks her head out of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chuko...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kamleika (parka) reads a magazine at the front of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp....

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Vera Rakhtuvia, a Chukchi elder, softening a reindeer skin with a tradional scraping tool at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / In the evening of the first day of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer', Tamara plays her family's sacred drum in their Yaranga (tent). The Chukchi believe that the sounds of the drum calms th...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui takes Rima Votgyrgina, age 18 months, to watch the reindeer during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' out on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 201...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui takes Rima Votgyrgina, age 18 months, to watch the reindeer during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' out on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 201...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi reindeer herder, Vanya Votgyrgin, walks amongst the reindeer herd with his lasso during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer.' Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Yarosalva and Nadia, two Chukchi girls, stand by the entrance of a Yaranga (tent) while Tamara, Nadia's mother, tends a ritual fire at the start of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' at a he...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Volodya Votvyrgyn, a Chukchi reindeer herder, carries a large load of willow branches back to camp. The willow will be used in a religious festival. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, Augu...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Three Chukchi Yarangas (traditional tent) at a reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Tamara, a Chukchi woman, cooking inside her family's Yaranga (traditional tent) in the summer at a Chukchi reindeer herder's camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Yarosalva and Nadia, two Chukchi girls, stand by a ritual fire at the entrance of a Yaranga (tent) and watch the start of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' at a herders' summer camp. Iultin...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing outside in evening sunshine at a Chukchi reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Two Chukchi Yarangas (traditional tents) in evening sunlight at a reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Two Chukchi Yarangas (tent) at dusk at a reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kamleika (parka) sits by the by the front of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iulti...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Rita Votgyrgina, a Chukchi woman, softening a reindeer skin with a tradional scraping tool, outside her Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, S...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, grips the fish's tail between her teeth as she removes the scales from a grayling at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia,...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi reindeer herder's Yaranga (tent) near Amguema, surrounded by tundra in bright autumn colours. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / The reindeer herd, including a white reindeer, is brought close to the camp for the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer.' Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Portrait of Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi woman softening a reindeer skin outside her Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Portrait of Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Sasha Takui, a hukchi reindeer herder, working with his reindeer at their autumn pastures. He is holding a curved throwing stick (Kenunen) which he uses to change the direction his reindeer are going....

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Ruslana Votgyrgina, a young Chukchi girl, using a hatchet to chop firewood at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kamleika (hooded parka) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Portrait of Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing outside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra with mountains of the Chukotsky Range in the backgrounds. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, S...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing outside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra with mountains of the Chukotsky Range in the backgrounds. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, S...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Reindeer skins drying outside a Chukchi Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, girl aged 9 years from a Chukchi reindeer herding family, dressed up for the first day of the new school year at Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, September 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, girl aged 9 years from a Chukchi reindeer herding family, dressed up for the first day of the new school year at Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, September 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Sasha Takui, a Chukchi reindeer herder, pulls up the hood of his Kukhlyanka (reindeer skin parka) while out working with his reindeer at their autumn pastures. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, R...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Sasha Takui, a Chukchi reindeer herder, coils up his lasso, while out working with his reindeer at their autumn pastures. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Rainy afternoon, at the end of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer', the reindeer are taken to their pastures to graze. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Tundra turning yellow, brown and gold in the autumn, with mountains from the Chukotsky Range in the background. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Ruslana Votgyrgina, a young Chukchi girl, using a hatchet to chop firewood at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.