Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman with Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi girls, with their family's ancestral clan mark painted in reindeer blood on their face, a ritual during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' during which young reindeer are sacrificed....

Wild Wonders of Europe / Cairns / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) semi-domesticated, small scale herding by local Sami, Sarek National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Lapland, Sweden, September 2008

Wild Wonders of Europe / Cairns / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) semi-domesticated, small scale herding by local Sami, Sarek National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Lapland, Sweden, September 2008

Wild Wonders of Europe / Cairns / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) semi-domesticated, small scale herding by local Sami, Sarek National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Lapland, Sweden, September 2008

Tom Vezo / Herding Reindeer / Caribou by helicopter {Rangifer tarandus} Nome, Alaska, USA

Olga Kamenskaya / Aerial view of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during herding, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Olga Kamenskaya / Aerial view of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during herding, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Olga Kamenskaya / Aerial view of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during herding, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Olga Kamenskaya / Nenet reindeer herders setting up camp, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017.

Olga Kamenskaya / Harnessed Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) pulling Nenet sled, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Olga Kamenskaya / Nenet people herding Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July

Olga Kamenskaya / Nenet people herding Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July

Olga Kamenskaya / Nenet people herding Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July

Olga Kamenskaya / Nenet people herding Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July

Olga Kamenskaya / Aerial view of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) fording water whilst being herded by Nenet herders. Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Olga Kamenskaya / Aerial view of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) fording water whilst being herded by Nenet herders. Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Olga Kamenskaya / Aerial view of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) fording water whilst being herded by Nenet herders. Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arctic, Russia, July 2017

Orsolya Haarberg / Sami camp where they collect their reindeer for calf marking, Lake Slappejaure. They use helicopter and motorcycles for moving the herd. Padjelanta National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Swedish...

Orsolya Haarberg / Calf marking of domestic Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) nearby Laddejakka. Every summer the Sami collect all their reindeer, move the herd inside a fenced area, catch the new calves with a snare and mar...

Staffan Widstrand / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in atmospheric light, herding in the Saarivuoma Sami community, at Jarama, Ovre Soppero, Lapland, Laponia, Norrbotten county, Sweden January

Staffan Widstrand / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in atmospheric light, herding in the Saarivuoma Sami community, at Jarama, Ovre Soppero, Lapland, Laponia, Norrbotten county, Sweden January

Staffan Widstrand / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in atmospheric light, herding in the Saarivuoma Sami community, at Jarama, Ovre Soppero, Lapland, Laponia, Norrbotten county, Sweden January

Staffan Widstrand / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in atmospheric light, herding in the Saarivuoma Sami community, at Jarama, Ovre Soppero, Lapland, Laponia, Norrbotten county, Sweden January

Staffan Widstrand / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) herding in the Saarivuoma Sami community, at Jarama, Ovre Soppero, Lapland, Laponia, Norrbotten county, Sweden January Model released.

Staffan Widstrand / Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) herding in the Saarivuoma Sami community, at Jarama, Ovre Soppero, Lapland, Laponia, Norrbotten county, Sweden January

Erlend Haarberg / Domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calf-marking in the Padjelanta National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Swedish Lapland, Sweden July

Erlend Haarberg / Domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calf-marking in the Padjelanta National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Swedish Lapland, Sweden July

Erlend Haarberg / Gathering domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with helicopter and motorcycle for calf-marking in the Padjelanta National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Swedish Lapland, Sweden July

Erlend Haarberg / Gathering domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with motorcycle for calf-marking in the Padjelanta National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Swedish Lapland, Sweden July

Erlend Haarberg / Domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) blurred motion as animals run during annual calf-marking in the Padjelanta National Park, Laponia World Heritage Site, Swedish Lapland, Sweden.

Eric Baccega / Nenet woman herding Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) sleds across tundra with her dog and young child. Yar-Sale district, Yamal, Northwest Siberia, Russia. April 2016.

Eric Baccega / Nenet woman herds Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) sleds across tundra with her dog. Yar-Sale district, Yamal, Northwest Siberia, Russia. April 2016.

Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman with Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman with Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman with Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman on sled pulled by Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman driving Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Arne Hodalic / Nenet herdsman leading herd of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during summer migration, Yamal Peninsula, Russia. May.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / The skins and meat from sacrificed young reindeer adorns the inside of a Chukchi Yaranga (tent) during the 'Festival of the Young Reindeer'. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Young girl Nadia Takui eating specially prepared ritual food, including dried reindeer intestine and a sausage made from chopped reindeer meat and fat, during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reind...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / The men and children of the family place specially prepared food on the ground for the spirits during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' during which young reindeer are sacrificed. Iultinsk...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker, (knee length coverall) sitting at the edge of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer ca...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Reindeer are brought to the camp at first light during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' begins. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A circular pattern of small stones on the ground at a Chukchi reindeer herder's camp symolises the reindeer herd. The Chukchi believe that these carefully selected and positioned stones will help keep...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi family watching a movie on a notebook computer by candlelight inside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herder's camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi family watching a movie on a notebook computer inside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herder's camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Vera Rakhtuvia, a Chukchi woman, relaxes by candlelight with her granddaughter, Susha, in the polog (sleeping area) inside the family's Yaranga (tent) at their summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotk...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing a traditional game of lassoing a set of reindeer antlers on the ground at a reindeer herders summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, girl age 9 years from a Chukchi reindeer herding family. Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, September 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / At the end of the Chukchi Festival of Young Reindeer', Rita Votgyrgina, collects small stones to place on burial mound (Melgynvyn) where the powdered bones of sacrificed reindeer are buried, close to...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a new Kerker (reindeer skin coverall) stands by a ritual fire at the entrance of a Yaranga (tent) at the start of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' a...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder, walking across the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Lidiya, a Chukchi woman, inside her Yaranga (tent) near Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / In the evening of the first day of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer', Tamara plays her family's sacred drum in their Yaranga (tent). The Chukchi believe that the sounds of the drum calms th...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Yaroslava Votgyrgina, Chukchi girl aged 5 years, watches the proceedings of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer,' at a herders' camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi reindeer herder, Vanya Votgyrgin, walks amongst the reindeer herd with his lasso during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer.' Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / After waking up in the morning, Yaroslava Votgyrgina, a Chukchi girl, sticks her head out of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chuko...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kamleika (parka) reads a magazine at the front of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp....

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Vera Rakhtuvia, a Chukchi elder, softening a reindeer skin with a tradional scraping tool at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / In the evening of the first day of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer', Tamara plays her family's sacred drum in their Yaranga (tent). The Chukchi believe that the sounds of the drum calms th...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui takes Rima Votgyrgina, age 18 months, to watch the reindeer during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' out on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 201...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui takes Rima Votgyrgina, age 18 months, to watch the reindeer during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' out on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 201...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi reindeer herder, Vanya Votgyrgin, walks amongst the reindeer herd with his lasso during the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer.' Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Yarosalva and Nadia, two Chukchi girls, stand by the entrance of a Yaranga (tent) while Tamara, Nadia's mother, tends a ritual fire at the start of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' at a he...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Volodya Votvyrgyn, a Chukchi reindeer herder, carries a large load of willow branches back to camp. The willow will be used in a religious festival. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, Augu...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Three Chukchi Yarangas (traditional tent) at a reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Tamara, a Chukchi woman, cooking inside her family's Yaranga (traditional tent) in the summer at a Chukchi reindeer herder's camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Yarosalva and Nadia, two Chukchi girls, stand by a ritual fire at the entrance of a Yaranga (tent) and watch the start of the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer' at a herders' summer camp. Iultin...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing outside in evening sunshine at a Chukchi reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Two Chukchi Yarangas (traditional tents) in evening sunlight at a reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Two Chukchi Yarangas (tent) at dusk at a reindeer herder's summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kamleika (parka) sits by the by the front of the polog (sleeping area) in a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iulti...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Rita Votgyrgina, a Chukchi woman, softening a reindeer skin with a tradional scraping tool, outside her Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, S...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, grips the fish's tail between her teeth as she removes the scales from a grayling at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia,...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi reindeer herder's Yaranga (tent) near Amguema, surrounded by tundra in bright autumn colours. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / The reindeer herd, including a white reindeer, is brought close to the camp for the Chukchi 'Festival of the Young Reindeer.' Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Portrait of Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / A Chukchi woman softening a reindeer skin outside her Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Portrait of Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Sasha Takui, a hukchi reindeer herder, working with his reindeer at their autumn pastures. He is holding a curved throwing stick (Kenunen) which he uses to change the direction his reindeer are going....

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Ruslana Votgyrgina, a young Chukchi girl, using a hatchet to chop firewood at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kamleika (hooded parka) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, a Chukchi girl, dressed in a traditional reindeer skin Kerker (knee length coverall) outside a Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Ru...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Portrait of Nikolai Votgyrgin, an elderly Chukchi reindeer herder. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing outside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra with mountains of the Chukotsky Range in the backgrounds. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, S...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Chukchi children playing outside a Yaranga (traditional tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra with mountains of the Chukotsky Range in the backgrounds. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, S...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Reindeer skins drying outside a Chukchi Yaranga (tent) at a reindeer herders' summer camp on the tundra. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia. July 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, girl aged 9 years from a Chukchi reindeer herding family, dressed up for the first day of the new school year at Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, September 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Nadia Takui, girl aged 9 years from a Chukchi reindeer herding family, dressed up for the first day of the new school year at Amguema. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, September 2013.

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Sasha Takui, a Chukchi reindeer herder, pulls up the hood of his Kukhlyanka (reindeer skin parka) while out working with his reindeer at their autumn pastures. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, R...

Bryan and Cherry Alexander / Sasha Takui, a Chukchi reindeer herder, coils up his lasso, while out working with his reindeer at their autumn pastures. Iultinsky District, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia, August 2013.